The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne Essay examples -- The Boy

A world where elderly people men can be corrupted and manhandled, a world wherein individuals wearing messy, unwashed, striped outfits are not seen as being mistreated, a world where a destitute kid of indistinguishable age yet boundlessly extraordinary physical make-up is viewed as basically being lamentable - such a world can't exist. Or on the other hand can it? In the realm of Bruno, this is accurately the manner in which the world is. John Boyne's book The Boy in the Striped Pajamas welcomes the perusers to set out on an innovative excursion at two levels. At the primary level, Boyne himself sets out upon a creative excursion that investigates a potential situation corresponding to Auschwitz. Bruno is a multi year old kid experiencing childhood in a cherishing, however regularly tyrant German family in the 1930?s. His dad is a senior military official who is named Commandant of Auschwitz ? an advancement that requires change from their agreeable home in Berlin to a stark home in the Polish open country. The story investigates Bruno?s trouble in tolerating and adjusting to this change - particularly the loss of his companions and grandparents. Boyne gives character and family to the kind of individual what today's identity is by and large derided by western compositions - the individuals who directed and controlled the concentration camps in which more than 6 million Jews, Gypsies, gay people, and other considered to be horribly second rate by Hitler and his associates. In this manner he urges us to see an alternate world ? a world wherein submission is fundamental and in which authority figures can never be addressed. He shows us the difficult that surfaces when individuals who are prepared to be faithful are stood up to with orders that, whenever broke down and considered, can be unmistakably observed to be an attack against every human worth and goodness. Individuals can cheerfully comply ?The Fury? ... ... will unavoidably get subsumed by the awful procedure. Bruno's creative excursion is a departure from the real world. It is a great case of the mental battle or flight disorder experienced by all creatures (counting people) when they are faced by something of which they are uncertain or apprehensive - something which challenges their present reality. What Boyne does in this story is to utilize Bruno to show how either approach can be absolutely damaging: the basic exercise is that we should recognize reality and do what we can to expel the wall that would demolish not just ?us? be that as it may, our whole world. Every creative excursions lead to a disclosure - both Bruno and the perusers will come to understand that their innovative excursions have changed them and influenced them in incredible manners and we, the perusers go to an acknowledgment too about what's going on.

What Love & Logic Means to Effective Parenting Essay Example for Free

What Love Logic Means to Effective Parenting Essay What guardians need is to esteem their children, play around with them, and appreciate a less unpleasant family life. There will never be a lack of counsel from companions, family and even benevolent outsiders while turning into a parent. Nothing can ever genuinely get ready guardians for the genuine encounter of bringing up kids. We as a whole need to be extraordinary guardians and we as a whole need to make the best decision, yet notwithstanding adjusting all the counsel we’re given against our own childhood and senses, we despite everything battle. As guardians we set the principles and anticipate that our youngsters should obey them†¦. At the end of the day: What I state goes-or the consequences will be severe. Past ages took a considerably more corrective and dread based way to deal with child rearing, which takes care of the hallucination that our folks and grandparents didn’t need to do a lot to acquire regard; it was just a programmed reaction by their kids. Actually quite a bit of that control was established in flogging or dread â€inducing encounters that caused their kids to seem to have regard and did in reality sway their conduct. Love and Logic Parenting offers a full of feeling and gainful approach to child rearing without falling back on beating, punishing or hitting our youngsters. It is not, at this point thought about sound or socially worthy to paddle kids in school, smack youngsters in the face or hit them with a belt when they accomplish something incorrectly. Truth be told, those activities are currently regularly considered kid misuse. Regard these days should be earned through proper control methods not dread. By setting clear principles and desires, clarifying the results of their activities, and finishing and implementing those outcomes reasonably and reliably. Demonstrating, indicating a genuine model, has been demonstrated to influence kids emphatically in each everyday issue: scholarly accomplishment, work, wellb eing propensities, companion and sentimental connections, adapting, just as correspondence and compromise. What's more, similarly as demonstrating great conduct is significant, it’s likewise significant for a parent to concede when they have committed an error, especially with regards to their children. In the event that they see a grown-up own up to having accomplished something incorrectly, they, as well, will figure out how to assume liability when they accomplish something incorrectly. It might be attractive of guardians to spend time with their kids or youngsters and be more similar to companions than parent/kid. Being a child’s companion can’t be a need, our responsibility is to be a decent parent! This doesn’t imply that guardians can’t appreciate exercises and great occasions with their kids, however it means that rules should be made, limits set, and results authorized. On occasion, guardians may not be the most well known individual in the house! In some cases, what’s directly for your kid or potentially family isn’t what your you ngster needs. With regards to a parent/youngster relationship, there is a programmed chain of importance: the parent is in control. In a real kinship, the two gatherings in a perfect world get equivalent state. In any case, parent‘s aren’t precisely a companion. Guardians are guides, pioneer, educators and disciplinarians†¦ and when the work is done, and afterward they can spend time with their youngsters. All guardians need a nearby, decent connection with their youngsters and to appreciate time with them. As parent’s we get the opportunity to state when, how and what occurs. There may come a point, if guardians have been managing their child’s significant issues for a drawn out timeframe, at which they basically surrender trust that things can improve. In the event that guardians are adapting to significant issues like substance misuse, psychological sickness, dietary issues, truancy, hostility or even disobedience, guardians may feel like everything without exception in their capacity to change the circumstance has been attempted. At no time in history have guardians been uncertain of their parental job, even the best aren’t secure with whether they are utilizing the best procedures. Society has changed; accordingly the offspring of this age contrasted with the offspring of past ages have changed. As the years progressed, child rearing styles have changed notwithstanding, one more up to date child rearing project, child rearing with Love Logic offers parent’s basic and viable strategies that aren’t as handily found with other child rearing projects, for example, Total Transformation or The Incredible Years Parenting Program. Child rearing with Love Logic enables guardians and educators to have a great time and less pressure while bringing up youngsters. Most guardians don't see how the strategies our folks and grandparents utilized so adequately just don’t appear to work with kids today. A great deal of guardians today are thinking about how to manage their children and baffled that the old strategies just don’t appear to take care of business any longer. Many clashing ways of thinking and books have been composed and a significant number of them sound great, however they haven’t appeared to have the option to carry out the responsibility of helping kids become deferential, dependable and a delight to be near. Albeit, numerous thoughts are offered with the best intensions, they focus on ensuring our children are agreeable and liking themselves so as to have self-idea. In any case, through Love Logic guardians have found that self - certainty is accomplished through battle and accomplishment, not through somebody telling children that they are number one. Bringing up youngsters, who are fearless, propelled, and prepared for this present reality, can be a success win way to deal with child rearing. Kids will win since they will have figured out how to take care of issues while picking up the certainty they have to address life’s difficulties. Guardians will win by building up solid control without falling back on outrage, dangers, annoying or debilitating force battles. Love Logic instructs guardians to â€Å"lock in â€Å"empathy, love, and comprehension preceding mentioning to kids what the results of their activities are. It instructs guardians to consider their children responsi ble for their mix-ups. At the point when a kid is arguing or hollering at you, rather than shouting back or coordinate brains with the youngster have a go at something new and surprising, don’t squander vitality just have a go at letting them know â€Å"I love you a lot to contend, or â€Å"I will converse with you when you when you can talk in an ordinary tone of voice;† and see what occurs. This will amaze the youngster when they aren’t irritating you. Youngsters should be allowed the chance to settle on decisions regardless of whether the decisions they make are not in every case right ones, it is a decision that they made, hence, they need to confront the results and be considered responsible. Give decisions by keeping away from power battles, letting the youngster decide, and assist them with gaining from their slip-ups. This improves parent/youngster connections and fabricates the child’s self - certainty. Love Logic offers guardians the abilities required to feel increas ingly loose, cheerful and positive with their kids. Guardians will find that child rearing doesn’t must be as hard as it is by all accounts and guardians can show moral duty and regard without losing their child’s love. As parent’s, numerous just have a couple of years left to set up our kids for a world that requires obligation and development for perseverance. Numerous guardians are consistently astonished how Love Logic changes lives and how the standards work with kids, yet in addition guardians and grown-ups. It has changed over numerous people’s child rearing methods of reasoning. With Parenting with Love Logic guardians have a spot in managing their youngsters to sound and fruitful lives. Guardians are relied upon to be specialists, yet child rearing is a learning procedure, particularly fitting and compelling child rearing. There is a route through parent preparing that has been demonstrated to be viable at decreasing kid conduct issues including resistance. Parent projects may appear presence of mind however numerous necessities to learn strategies and execute them reliably. The guidelines given are significant in deciding consistence; the manner by which an order is given can frequently enormously impact the child’s comprehension of the order. Guardians frequently provide orders that are not explicit or clear enough to be genuinely comprehended by the youngster and guardians regularly don't give kids adequate time to act as per demands. Methods that work with Love Logic are coercive proclamations, decisions, empathy, at that point outcomes, diffusing contentions and managing youngsters to take care of their own issues. Enforceable explanations are no dangers, outrage, disappointment and no alerts. Child rearing projects are offered to help guardians in helping bring up our kids successfully. Love Logic fundamentally educates character. The recipe is the youngster commits an error, and the grown-up reacts with sympathy rather than outrage, the kid gains from the outcomes of their activities. The standards of Love Logic are grown-ups set firm cutoff points in adoring manners, without outrage, talk or dangers. At the point when a kid causes an issue, the grown-up hands it in an adoring and reliable manner. There are three distinct styles of child rearing. Helicopter child rearing, where the parent floats over kids and attempt to spare them from the antagonistic world in which we live. Military trainer child rearing, where the parent orders and coordinates the lives of the youngsters. The Consultant Parent gives the direction and specialist administrations for their kids. The helicopter parent never permits their youngsters to endure the regular results of their mix-ups and decisions, continually rescuing them. This sort of parent requires or anticipates nothing from their kid and doesn't ingrain responsibility in their kid. The military authoritarian parent requests that things be done now and advises the kid how to think, feel and handle all duties. The specialist parent utilizes Love Logic strategies, they invigorate messages of individual worth and, give and help investigate choices and afterward permits the youngster to make hello there

How to Explain the Importance of an Organization With an Explanatory Case Study

How to Explain the Importance of an Organization With an Explanatory Case StudyA good method to help communicate the importance of an organization to the reader is with an explanatory case study. I would think that the chances of the reader being interested in a certain topic or function would be less if they didn't know something about it. Case studies should be used to explain the significance of the organization in a way that is effective without taking away from the other parts of the article.The job of an article on an organization is to explain the different functions and operations of the organization. It should explain what the organization does, why it does it, and what the impact of doing it. It should also allow the reader to get a picture of the nature of the organization as well as the people who work in it.If an organization can't explain what it does, then there is a reason why it does it, and why it should be done. Other than explaining the difference between doing th ings and not doing them, an article should also try to describe why it was necessary for the organization to do the thing in the first place.While an organization may have gotten to where it is through a process of trial and error, there are still many things about it that can't be explained in simple terms. There are people that carry out the work of others, yet can't tell you what they do when the project comes up. Case studies are a way of describing that working environment in a way that the reader can get an idea of how it works.An explanatory case study is not intended to put a person in the shoes of the employees and management of the organization. While it can be a great way to begin learning about how the organization works, it is best that the reader does not become so involved that they forget the importance of the organization as well as their own role in it.One of the reasons that an organization may choose to employ an explanatory casestudy is to provide a contrast bet ween what the organization does and what it isn't. It can also be used to demonstrate what people working in the organization find most rewarding and to those who are employed there.An effective way to illustrate an organization with a case study is to use the history of the organization. Once the reader gets an idea of how the organization has worked for years, they can use that information to understand how it works today. You may also want to include quotes or a little story that goes along with the case study to give it a more personal feel.An explanatory case study can be used to explain the uniqueness of an organization to its current workers. It can also show the readers how the organization is different from other ones in the same field.

Difference Between Poetry And Prose - 900 Words

The difference between poetry and prose is often chalked up to the presence or lack of rhyme and rhythm in writing. Though this might work with some classical poetry, some classical poets experimented with and broke the rules of rhythm and rhyme in favor of artistic meaning. Though many modern poets choose to use rhyme and rhythm in obvious ways, there are many who choose to throw the rules out the window. It is now necessary for students of poetry to not only understand how to differentiate between a poem with rhythm or rhyme and one without, but to also be able to discern when that rhyme and rhythm, or lack thereof, provides key insight into the poem. In order to further understand and practice analyzing rhythm and rhyme in poetry, we have chosen four poems which demonstrate different ways to use rhyme and rhythm to demonstrate or influence thematic meaning, structure, or purpose. The four poems that we have chosen to examine range in author, style, theme, and subject; however, the y all contain distinct examples of rhyme and rhythm. Though, as a class, we have touched on rhyme and rhythm before, we want to explore these concepts more specifically and more in depth. As both elements contribute to the overall tone, accessibility, and structure, or lack thereof, of the poem, we feel that everyone would benefit from a more in depth analysis of rhyme and rhythm and how they affect our understanding of a poem. Practicing scanning and interpreting the feet of the poem will beShow MoreRelatedPoetry vs. Prose: A Killer Topic734 Words   |  3 Pagesstarted with an argument between which is better, poetry or prose, and it ended with a knife. On January 20, 2014, a Russian man was stabbed to death in the Sverdlovsk region over an argument of which is better, poetry or prose. 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Poetry can consist of oral or literary works in which the language is used in a manner that is felt by the reader to differ from ordinary prose. Poems are constantly relied on for their effect on imagery, word association, and repetition. The use of these effects to generate feelings and emotions is what marks poetry. In primitive societies, poetry was used as a meansRead MoreThe Relationship Between Madness And Creativity, By Katherine M. Thomas And Marshall Duke1209 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough suffering from a mental illness. This belief stems from past research based on the relationship between madness and creativity, especially in the writing field. Katherine M. Thomas and Marshall Duke wrote the article, Depressed writing: Cognitive distortions in the works of depressed and non-depressed poets and writers. Their article focuses on digging deeper into the relationship between madness and writing by making an in- depth analysis of writing samples from depressed writers versus the

Definition and Examples of Constructed Languages

Business Torts Ethics And Ethics - 1666 Words

Business Torts Ethics Business Torts Ethics As a business owner or manager, one must always be aware of potential risks and liabilities, and perform necessary actions to limit or remove those liabilities in their entirety. These foreseeable risks are situations which can subject the owner to different types of torts. Furthermore, beyond just reducing the possible financial and criminal liability, owners have an ethical responsibility to provide an environment free of the risk of damages to their customers. The following is a discussion of a potentially tortious situation, legal and ethical responsibilities of the owner, and methods of mitigating risk. Anatomy of a Tortious Act You own a rental property that consists of†¦show more content†¦282) and include injuries that are substantially likely to result from the behavior or action. Included in the categories of intentional tort are assault and battery, trespass, intentional infliction of mental distress, and invasion of privacy (Reed et al., 2016). Assault and battery includes the threat of harm, a present ability to carry out the threat, and a harmful or offensive touching of another (Farlex, Inc, 2016). The intruder threatened Sharon and Darryl, was able to carry out the threat at that moment and followed through by physically harming each of them. Trespass involves entering someone’s land without their permission (Reed et al., 2016). The intruder forced his way into Sharon’s apartment without her consent. Intentional infliction of mental distress is defined by Reed et al. (2016) as â€Å"a battery to the emotions† (p. 284) and usually must be accompanied by physical manifestations. The intruder inflicted distress upon Sharon as evidenced by her screams, and she was physically harmed in the process. Invasion of privacy occurs when one intrudes upon another’s solitude, such as an illegal invasion of one’s home (Reed et al., 2016). It is clear in this example that the intruder illegally invaded Sharon’s home. Based on these definitions, the intruder’s act of not only entering the property by force, but further inflicting injury upon Sharon and Darryl makes him liable for

Environmental Health free essay sample

What is Environmental Health? Environmental health is the branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health. Environmental Health is the field of science that studies how the environment influences human health and disease. â€Å"Environment,† in this context, means things in the natural environment like air, water and soil, and also all the physical, chemical, biological and social features of our surroundings. The man-made, or â€Å"built,† environment includes physical structures where people live and work such as homes, offices, schools, farms and factories, as well as community systems such as roads and transportation systems, land use practices and waste management. Consequences of human alteration to the natural environment, such as air pollution, are also parts of the man-made environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The social environment encompasses lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, socioeconomic status, and other societal influences that may affect health. The Media of Environmental Hazards Air, water and food are the major environmental media or vectors through which exposure to hazardous environmental agents occur. Environmental hazards †¢ The major environmental hazards and their relative importance in various environmental settings. †¢ Chemical agents: pesticides, VOC’S, and PCB’S †¢ Physical agents: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, vibration, temperature, and noise. †¢ Biological agents: infectious and allergic disorders Interaction between hazardous exposures and humans †¢ Four characteristics critical to exposure assessment: †¢ Route ( Inhalation, Ingestion, Dermal) †¢ Magnitude (Concentration or Dose) †¢ Duration ( Minutes, Hours, Days, Lifetime) †¢ Frequency (Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Seasonally) All of the environmental media are possible exposure routes, and should be considered in a risk assessment. †¢ Humans have access to environmental toxicants by contaminated food, drinking contaminated water, and breathing contaminated air

Those Evenings free essay sample

â€Å"Come on. No fair,† said John. â€Å"You guys always win!† â€Å"John that’s what happens when you don’t guard your flag,† I said. â€Å"Fine then, we QUIT!† This would an example of a typical Tuesday evening. After school on Mondays and Tuesdays, I head over to John and Kate’s. As soon as I walk through the door Kate suffocates me with her bear hugs. She’s strong for a five year old. I make my way into the family room where I pry John away from the TV. When you’re six, going on seven, you have to keep up on the latest Pokemon episodes. Soon afterwards, the door bell rings about 50 times without pause. I know exactly who it is. â€Å"LUKE!† said John. Sure enough, Luke and his sister Olivia come rushing in with only one thing on their minds. Hide and Seek Capture the Flag. You’re probably wondering what in the world is that? It is a game I made up. We will write a custom essay sample on Those Evenings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s like Capture the Flag, but instead of two bowling pins set on each side of the gym, we use bike helmets hidden in the yard. Soon, I am surrounded by kids and there is nowhere to go. I look to my left and then to the right. â€Å"Alright!† I say. I look down at their tinny little munchkin faces. â€Å"We can play, but only for a little bit.† At first I’m not really in the mood to run around. I’ve just had a long day at school and I’d really like to get a head start on my homework, but as soon as the game gets started, it’s hard not to get engrossed. I find myself doing ridiculous victory dances whenever my team finds a helmet or tags the enemy. After a good hour or so, I sit down on the porch step and watch them play. Capture the Flag Hide and Seek in reality is just a silly game used to keep the John and Kate entertained. After a couple of weeks I can see changes in the John’s behavior. He used to be the worst sport. John was always the first one to cry about losing. Now he is congratulating the opposing team. Kate knows that she can be just as fast as the boys. They work together instead of against each other, even if that means teaming up on me for an extra treat. Was it because of a silly game or are they just growing up. Maybe it’s both. Next fall I will be leaving for college and I am going to miss Monday and Tuesday evenings.

school violence essays

school violence essays Violence in schools is a very prevalent issue in todays society. School violence is on the rise. To solve this growing problem we need to fist address what is the root cause of this violent behavior. Many people blame this increase on movies, video games, and music. While this might have an affect the situation the real problem here is stress from teachers parents and to a lesser degree friends. Kids today cope with much more stress than they did fifty years ago and this stress can stem many times from pressure to get into a good college, do well in extracurricular activities, and to be popular. Parents stress their kids into getting ridiculously high grades under the premise of getting into a good college however grade school and middle school grades have nothing to do with college. Parents and teachers sometimes make people feel like if you do not get a 3.5 or better he will be a failure for the rest of his life. In fact Albert Einstein was failing most of his grade school career. As if that pressure was not enough parents want there kids to do nonstop activities from the minute they get out of school. This prevents youngsters from getting time to relive the heavy stress he got from school. Adolescents get an enormous amount of pressure from their peers to be popular. It is that stress that often pushes young adults who commit school violence over the edge. It was that stress that caused the teens at columbine high school to finally lash out. When Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold went on there horrible murder spree at columbine high many blamed it on Marilyn Manson or violent video games the real reason is stress from their peers. There school mates continually made fun of them everyday and after so much they just snapped. When a kid acts violently toward another kid it is assumed that the media or drugs had something to do with it but usually it stems from the overwhelming burden of peer pressure ...

Windowsshopping at Zara Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Windowsshopping at Zara - Case Study Example Zara is building on a vertically integrated demand and supply chain, while most other textile chains rely on outsourcing and cheap labour. Zara controls most of the steps on the supply-chain; it designs, produces, and distributes itself. (Rose 2001). Zara needs just two weeks to develop a new product get it to stores, compared with a nine-month industry average, and launches around 10,000 new designs each year. If a new design is not sold within a week, it is withdrawn from the shop and a new design is pursued. None of the designs stays on the shop for more than four weeks which encourages the shop's fans to make repeat visits. The business model for the company is based on offering the latest style in a high quality product at a good price. With a creative team of more than 200 professionals, Zara's design process is closely to the public. Zara pays special attention to the design of it stores, its shop windows and interior dcor, and locates them in the best sites of major shopping districts Zara's first outlet in Spain, the store was selling well designed clothes in a modern environment at a price anybody could afford. The in-store displays were kept minimal and the showroom was light and airy, with clean lines and white walls that act as a blank canvas for ad campaigns. Zara's window aimed at attracting the potential customers who will become the ultimate purchaser of the product. To induce them, the displays were made realistic in an expensive method to attract the onlookers. The consumers are made to repeat visits to look at the products displayed before they buy them, as few customers are impulsive buyers. As the customers have wide range of choice products with variable prices they prefer to go around the store to decide the purchase depending upon their budget. Window display and strategic positioning refers to performing different activities than the rivals or the same activities in a different way. While the display model used by Zara itself is often very easy to replicate, technology is essential to creating and enabling novel approaches to business that are defensibly different than rivals and which can be quite difficult for others to copy. Zara stores offer a compelling blend of fashion, quality and price offered in attractive stores in prime locations on premier commercial streets and in upscale shopping centers. The in-house design and production capabilities enable them to offer fresh designs at Zara stores twice a week throughout the year. In the early 1990's, Zara began formulating new type of design and distribution model. By that time it had opened up stores in countries like Europe and U.S.A. (Kotler 2008) Life like models dressed up in various costumes designed by leading fashion designers were kept in the window display. Zara's most unusual strategy was its policy of zero advertising; the company preferred to invest a percentage of revenues in opening new stores instead. The strategy has changed lately with yearly sales advertisements, together with targeted advertisements in papers. The latest technologies with innovations were used to lure the customer in the showrooms. (Barthes 1972). Figure 14 This picture shows the window display of the showroom in Oxford Street, London. It was taken in October 2009. The window display contains models wearing trendy clothes created by the leading fashion d

Organisation Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisation Development - Essay Example Organizational Development helps us to analyze the optimum level of performance of an organization and to know where the organization is where it wants to be and how can it go there. The techniques of Organizational Development consist of methods drawn from behavioral science, which aim at developing resources, a skill within the organization to face the problems, anticipate issues and to plan and to deal with them. The various elements of Organizational Development can be classified into the following two groups: For an individual to make personal changes on the job, an organizational climate should exist to support these changes. Otherwise, training the individual will have little or on impact on the organization. Developing the system to support the desired individual change is a basic part of the organizational development. Developing- the system involves building more effective interpersonal relationship among members of the working group. For example, the team may become more efficient, responsive, flexible and creative from the point of view of the organization. ... Developing- the system involves building more effective interpersonal relationship among members of the working group. For example, the team may become more efficient, responsive, flexible and creative from the point of view of the organization. The concept of team building lies in the art of organizational development but organization effectiveness requires more than effective teams. Organizational Development is not a programme or a project rather it is a continuing process. This process may involve certain projects, planning and implementation of a changed specific programme such as seminars, conferences, appraisal, interviews with an object to develop better procedures and supporting climate for dealing with organization problems. Technological change in industries are well planned and implemented with considerable care but organization change that is modifying some part of organization structure or implementing a new process of work is often not deliberately planned but haphazard activity. Planning, implementing and evaluating these organization changes are part of Organizational Development. Concept of Organizational Development Organizational Development believes that organizational members can learn to describe its culture and can be helped to plan what it should be like and in assisting the organization to change from what it is to-what it should be. The essential characteristic of Organizational Development is the involvement of the people in the organization to carry out various activities. These activities are designed to meet the organizational objective with and around the inter-action of groups within the organization. Organizational development feels that it pays to confront, it lays emphasis on trust and openness, it

Theoretical Perspective Of Principal Agent Theory

Theoretical Perspective Of Principal Agent Theory According to Random House Dictionary, theory is a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena. In the formal meanings of the term, theory has the following three meanings (Frederickson and Smith, 2003): Theory in the natural sciences is the rigorous testing of predictive theorems or assumptions using observable and comparable data. The tested and verified hypotheses constitute the foundation of theories. And theories derived from this process usually serve as a highly reliable direction for behavior. Theories in the social sciences, including public administration, implies the sequence of factual material (history, events, cases, stories, measures of opinion, observations) presented in definitions, concepts, and metaphors to promote understanding. The rigorous and the intuitive observation of social behavior, patterns of communication, and culture is the basis to this theory. The last meaning of theory in public administration is the theories of what should to be. These theories compose the bridge between public administration, political science, and philosophy. The theorists aim at discovering theories that account for, explain, or describe observable trends in behavior and to evaluate the normative cues of such behavior. It is often true that public administration theorists use a mix of the second and third definition of theory. And there is no doubt that theory is the bedrock of understanding of public administration (Frederickson and Smith, 2003). If manuscripts contain no theory, their value is suspect (Whetten, 2000). Hence, an important mission of scholars and educators in the areas of management, health, education, and social work is, on the one hand to conduct researches that contribute knowledge to a scientific discipline, and to apply that knowledge to the practice of management as a profession, on the other (Simon, 1967). To do this well, we need to design our research so that it provides an intimate understanding of the practical problems facing the profession. Equally important, we need to appreciate and strengthen our skills in developing good theory so that research conducted about these problems will advance the knowledge that is relevant to both the discipline and the profession (Van DE Ven, 1989). Therefore, this paper aims at discussing what is theoretical from the perspective of principal-agent theory. It is consisted of four sections: 1) What is Principal-Agent Theory; 2) Whats the theoretical contribution of Principal-Agent Theory; 3) Limitations of Principal-Agent Theory; 4) Conclusion. Principal-Agent Theory One day Deng Xiaoping decided to take his grandson to visit Mao. Call me granduncle, Mao offered warmly. Oh, I certainly couldnt do that, Chairman Mao, the awe-struck child replied. Why dont you give him an apple? suggested Deng. No sooner had Mao done so than the boy happily chirped, Oh thank you, Granduncle. You see, said Deng, what incentives can achieve. (Capitalism, 1984) According to Arrow (1971) and Wilson (1968), during the 1960s and early 1970s, economists investigated risk sharing among individuals or groups. The risk-sharing problem, described in this literature, arises when collaborating parties have different standpoints toward risk. Principal-Agent theory expanded the risk-sharing literature to include what is called agency problem. And agency problem occurs when cooperating parties have different goals, information, and division of labor (Jensen Meckling, 1976). Specifically, principal-agent theory concentrates on the ubiquitous agency-relationship, in which one party (the principal) delegates work to another (the agent), who performs that work in behalf of the principal (Eisenhardt, 1989). And principal-agent theory seeks to portray this relationship using the metaphor of a contract (Jensen Meckling, 1976). As a consequence, the central dilemma explored by principal agent theorists is how to stimulate the employee or contractor (agent) to behave in the best interests of the principal (the employer) when the employee or contractor has an informational advantage over the principal and has different interests from the principal. From the agency perspective, most organizations are simply legal fictions which serve as a nexus for a set of contracting relationships among individuals (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The basic premise of the theory is that if both parties to the relationship are utility maximisers, there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interests of the principal (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). In determining the most efficient contract, principal-agent theory brings up certain hypotheses about people, organizations and information. It assumes that agents and principals will act in their self-interest to maximize their own welfare. Agents possess more information than their principals possess. As a result, it identifies two impediments to effective contractual performance: moral hazard and adverse selection. Moral hazard refers to that the agent doesnt put agreed-upon efforts to the tasks. That is, the agent is shirking. Adverse selection refers to the misrepresentation of ability by the agent (Eisenhardt, 1989). The agent may claim to have certain skills, experiences, or capabilities when he or she is hired. Adverse selection arises because the principal cannot completely verify these skills, experiences, or capabilities either at the time of recruitment or while the agent is working (Eisenhardt, 1989). Two types of problems are especially relevant. One is the agency problem which arises from the conflicting goals of the principal and the agent and from the difficulty/expense involved in verifying the agents behavior (Eisenhardt, 1989). The second is the problem of risk-sharing which arises from the different attitudes toward risk on the part of the principal and the agent. The different risk preferences between the principals and agents are likely to lead to different actions. Therefore, the theory concentrates on the contract between the principal and the agent and the ways in which the contract can be made most efficient from the point of view of the principal (V. Nilakant, 1994). Besides, the theory makes two assumptions: that goal conflict exists between principals and agents and that agents have more information than their principals, which results in an information asymmetry between them (Waterman and Meier, 1998). Goal Conflict. In the marketplace, principals and agents clearly have different goals and/or preferences (Waterman and Meier, 1998). Commonly, agents want to make as much money as possible, however principals want to pay as little as possible for services. The same as in the public sector. The government wants to produce as more public goods as possible, while the contractor agents expect to decrease the cost as much as possible. Therefore, in a contract relationship, maximum principals interest couldnt inevitably contribute to the maximum of agents interests. It could even reversely worsen agents advantages, such as less compensation or profit. As a consequence, how to encourage agents to accomplish principals goals at a minimum cost has become a great challenge. Information Asymmetry. As we already have noted, the information asymmetry is a critical assumption of the principal-agent model. The information asymmetry is simply the claim that agents possess more information than their principals possess. (Waterman and Meier, 1998) When the distribution of information between principal and agent is asymmetric, the classic principal-agent problem arises. The problem brought up here is how to avoid information asymmetry so that principals know to what extent the agents have achieved the principals goals, what agents are doing, and what are not done. With these information, principals could better monitor the contract relation and working process to improve organizational performance. In addition to the assumption that partial goal conflict is inherent in any principal-agent relationship, principal-agent theory also presumes that information about the agent is a commodity that can be purchased. (V. Nilakant, 1994) Table 1 presents an overview of principal-agent theory, including key idea, unit of analysis, human assumptions, organizational assumptions, information assumptions, and contracting problems. Table 1 Principal-Agent Theory Overview Key Idea Principal-agent relationships should reflect efficient organization of information and risk-bearing costs Unit of Analysis Contract between principal and agent Human Assumptions Self-interest Bounded rationality Risk aversion Organizational Assumptions Partial goal conflict among participants Efficiency as the effectiveness criterion Information asymmetry between principal and agent Information Assumptions Information as a purchasable commodity Contracting Problems Agency (moral hazard and adverse selection) Risk sharing Problem Domain Relationships in which the principal and agent have partly differing goals and risk preferences (e.g., compensation, regulation, leadership, impression management, whistle-blowing, vertical integration, transfer pricing) Source: Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989). Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, p.59 Theoretical Contribution of Principal-Agent Theory Principal-Agent theory has been contributing a lot to organization theory and incentive theory. Principal-Agent theory has been the basis for an extensive set of studies relating bureaucracy to elected officials. It also has been extended to presidents decisions to use force and to the Supreme Court and its relationship to lower courts. (Waterman and Meier, 1998) Before discussing the theoretical contribution of principal-agent theory, Id like to talk about what is a good theory. Above all, a good theory is the theory appropriately used. All theories are false. They are, after all, just words and symbols on pieces of paper, about the reality they purport to describe; they are not that reality. So they simplify it. This means we must choose our theories according to how useful they are, not how true they are. (Mintzberg, 2005) Obviously, principal-agent theory is not omnipotent to explain or solve all problems in an organization. It is true only when it is appropriately used. Furthermore, a good theory is practical precisely. A theory to be useful, should accurately describe or depict a real world event or phenomenon. (Frederickson and Smith, 2003) The first section has demonstrated that principal-agent theory fits this requirement. Scholars devoted to this theory have explicitly described what principal-agent is and what it could explain in the real world. Finally, a good theory is insightful and predictive. Theory is insightful when it surprises, when it allows us to see profoundly, imaginatively, unconventionally into phenomena we thought we understoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦theory is of no use unless it initially surprises-that is, changes perceptions. (Mintzberg, 2005) From this perspective, principal-Agent theory may not dramatically change perceptions, but it really brings in some new thinking about organizations and incentives. Firstly, Principal-Agent theory reestablishes the importance of incentives and self-interest in organizational thinking. It reminds us that much of organizational life, whether we like it or not, is based on self-interest. (Eisenhardt, 1989) Both principal and agent are usually assumed to be attempting to maximize their own utilities. Agents would not voluntarily produce desires of principal and it is difficult or expensive for the principal to investigate what the agent is actually doing. Hence, it is significant for principals to provide incentives to agents which lead to an alignment of goals between principal and agent, in order to assure that the agents act for principals aims. That is to maximize principals interests rather than impair principals efficiency through agents over possession of information. Secondly, Principal-Agent theory also makes important contributions to organizational thinking, the most important of which is the treatment of information. (Eisenhardt, 1989). In principal-agent theory, information is considered as merchandise: it has a cost, and it can be exchanged and purchased. The implication is that organizations can invest in information systems in order to control agent opportunism, an illustration of which is the executive compensation. And one of the important factors such compensation requires is information systems. It is assumed that richer information systems control managerial opportunism and, therefore, lead to less performance-contingent pay. Board of directors is considered as one particular relevant information system to monitor executive behaviors. When boards provide richer information, compensation is less likely to be based on firm performance. Also, when boards provide richer information, top executives are more likely to engage in behaviors t hat are consistent with stockholders interest. (Eisenhardt, 1989) Besides, to break agents superiority status on information is of great significance to keep balance between principals and agents and to improve agents performance. Moreover, profit sharing has been widely used as an attempt to give employees more opportunities to involve into and to get pleasurable emotion from the organization and to make employees feel they are part of the organization; to increase employees sense of commitment to organization; to increase sense of co-operation between management and subordinates; and to ensure employees benefit from organization profitability. In the public sector, administrators should frequently involve into policy-making process. Participatory management could be an efficient approach to get an alignment of goals of the management and subordinates and to motive employees performance consciousness. In addition, Principal-Agent theory could be used to elucidate hierarchical control of organizations as well (Moe, 1984). Difficulty in monitoring the actions of subordinates/agents, asymmetric information superior status of subordinates/agents, or transactions costs in supervising and verifying the actions of subordinates/agents all can give agents opportunities to escape from principals goals by maximizing agents interests. Typically, principals find means to ameliorate these problems, for example, by relying on signals that warn them when agents step outside certain bounds. (Song, Segal, and Cameron, 1976) Limitations of Principal-Agent Theory Principal-Agent theory, which characterizes relationships that develop and evolve, is supposed to be a dynamic, rather than a static theory (Waterman and Meier, 1998). It provides insightful and predictive theoretical contribution to organization and incentive theory development. Principal-agent theory provides a unique, realistic, and empirically testable perspective on problems of cooperative effort (Eisenhardt, 1989). Besides its theoretical contribution, however, principal-agent theory needs further improvement as the following: Principal-Agent Theory merely displays a partial aspect of the real world, although it is valid, and it also ignores a great amount of organizational complexity. Additional perspectives could contribute to attain the more important complexity (Eisenhardt, 1989). According to Ogden (1993), the highly simplified model of organizational conflict and the contrasting complexity of the mathematics required to provide solutions to the agency problem have been frequently cited as limitations to principal-agent theory. In addition, principal-agent theory could be developed to a richer and more complicated range of contexts. Principal-agent theory studies the relationship between the principal and the agent defined by contract, resting on a basis in economics. Under this theory, relationship problems are explained from a contractual perspective; and solutions derives from the change of contract. However, noneconomic considerations should be emphasized as well, such as cultural, social, psychological, and political. And some scholars have already argued to look at important non-contractual aspects of principal-agent relationship. So, to study principal-agent relationship from non-contractual perspectives is demanded and valuable. Conclusion Starting from an introduction to what is the principal-agent theory and the importance of the theory in public administration, we conclude that the principal-agent theory has contributed a lot to the development of organization theory and incentive theory. Although theoretical significant, principal-agent theory still has its limitations, such as simplified model and ignorance of non-economic factors, which leaves a long way for future development. Nevertheless, this term paper merely provides a short review and summary of principal-agent theory and its theoretical contributions. It is far from a comprehensive and deep study on principal-agent problems and solutions. Much more works are needed to elaborately review this theory.

Why We Need Universal Healthcare Essay -- Health Care, Medicare

Why We Need Universal Healthcare Many would argue that here, in the United States, we have the best healthcare in the world. We benefit from the most up to date medical technologies, medications, and services. People come from every corner of the world to take advantage of our top notch physicians and facilities. But is this reputation warranted, and if so, at what cost? The average annual cost per US resident is $7,681; this comprises 16.2% of our gross domestic product. These costs rank us among the highest of industrialized nations (Lundy, 2010). Does this high expenditure equate to better outcomes? According to the National Scorecard on US Health System Performance (2008), the US received a 65 out of 100 possible points. Compared with 19 other industrialized nations, the US came in last place in preventable mortality. Preventable mortality means just that, deaths which could have been prevented if â€Å"timely and effective care† could have been provided (The Commonwealth Fund on a High Performanc e Health System, 2008). In 2000, the World Health Organization performed their first ever comparison of the health systems of the world. They reviewed 191 different countries and ranked them on numerous parameters, the United States ranked 37th for overall health system performance (WHO, 2000). Is it that our healthcare system is truly that poor, or is it that our care is only excellent for those patients who can actually afford it? A universal healthcare system would not only provide healthcare for all, it could also decrease our healthcare spending and potentially produce better health outcomes. High quality and less expensive healthcare can be achieved with a universal healthcare model. In fact, the United States is the... ...healthcare. At this point, the law encourages the free market system by requiring employers to purchase private insurance for their employees or face penalties. It also imposes new regulations on private insurers mandating that they provide insurance for all people, regardless of health status and preexisting conditions (KaiserEDU.org, 2010). The effects of the new act will not be seen for many years, the majority of the sections are not required to be in action until 2014. In the meantime, detractors of the law are working tirelessly to have it overturned. We have the benefit of closely examining how other countries of the world provide healthcare for all of their citizens. We can compare what works with what does not. Maybe it’s time we stop trying to fix our already broken system and focus on real change, universal healthcare as a right, not a privilege.

Biophysical Interactions on the Reef

Ecosystems At Risk Reefs are important ecosystems as the are home to an immense amount of biodiversity and are essential in the cycle of life The Role of the Atmosphere Many reefs are located in the cyclone zone due to the necessary conditions they require to grow. For as long as reefs have existed they have been shaped by cyclones and intense storms. The severity of the storms and cyclones is determined by the length and intensity of the storms, which determines how much damage will be inflicted onto the reefs. The cyclones and storms generate large waves and strong winds, which do most of the damage to the reefs.The waves have the power to rip apart soft coral and chip and damage the harder coral. Sometimes cyclones may result in large amounts of the reefs systems being buried by sediment. Reefs are very delicate and need very precise conditions to live and grow, the amount of rain that is associated with intense low systems can flood the reef with fresh water and reduce the salini ty levels. During the storms the turbidly of the water also increases so the sunlight cannot reach the coral reducing its ability to produce food.Tropical cyclone Larry (2006) showed that reefs could benefit from storms. The waves that were produced by Larry removed sediment that had accumulated and reduce the water temperature to the ideal level. The Role of the Lithosphere The role of the lithosphere in forming and transforming the reef ecosystem is very important. The reefs build themselves, this works because when the coral dies it produces limestone which the new coral grows on. The limestone is also weathered down and redistributed to other parts of the ecosystem to create a range of other landforms.Through the production of limestone coral reefs are able to withstand the erosive power of waves. Overtime individual corals will of course die but this will allow the growth of new coral on the stable limestone structures the leave behind. Sediment is also an important influence o n the reef. Sediment such as sand and mud can cloud the water creating high turbidity. High levels of turbidity can reduce the suns ability to penetrate the water and thus effecting zooxanthellae’s photosynthesis. Coral reefs may also be smothered by sediment especially were the possibility of high runoff is likely.This is why in monsoonal areas and areas with high precipitation levels there are not many fringing reefs as they would struggle to cope with the change in salinity levels from the fresh water and the sediment increasing the turbidity levels. The Role of the Hydrosphere Coral reefs grow best in high wave energy areas. Reefs are very effective at interfering with wave energy. The structure of the reef is such that the seaward part of the reef absorbs much of the energy leaving an area of calm water behind it.The amount of water that flows across the reefs is so enormous that it is measured in cubic kilometres. The flow of the currents is very important to the reef e cosystem. When the currents flow in a direction that they bring warm waters, high saline levels and high levels of nutrition that is a huge contributor to the biodiversity that makes the reefs so important and unique. The Role of the Biosphere There are more then 330 species of coral that can be found in any one reef. The coral is a living animal called Polyps.Polyps are primitive organisms that consist of little more then a digestive sac and an out skeleton made from limestone. The Polyps feed by pulling food into its mouth through tentacles. Within the polyps lives an alga called zooxanthellae, the algae produces sugars and oxygen through photosynthesis. The polyps provide shelter for the algae and in return receive nutrients and the alga is also what gives the coral the distinct colours. Each coral reef begins as a single polyp, which reproduces itself to create a colony.Apart from coral reefs are highly diverse systems made up of thousands of species. The amount of nutrients cre ated by the plants and algae on the reef is several times that made in the open ocean. Because of the high levels of nutrients available on the reef there are thousands of fish species that feed on the nutrients produced and even the coral. Due to the abundance of fish some top order predators such as sharks and dolphins come to the reef. There are many different species living on reefs that work to keep the balance of life on the reef.

Reconstruction During The Civil War - 966 Words

Reconstruction is a time period after the Civil War ended in 1877. We view it as something that resembles a transformation, shifts in the southern U.S. after the Civil War. This was when slavery inequality, some political, economic, and social issues were, in some ways, balanced. The categories of issues that arose throughout this â€Å"restoration† were aspects such as involving the Confederacy into the Union, abolishing along with figuring out what to do with our free blacks, and addressing conflict between the Confederate leaders and a group of people, which we characterize as â€Å"the North.† During reconstruction, there was a challenging goal of incorporating former slaves into our nation as free citizens like everyone else. It looks like this â€Å"era† attempted to take out the unfairness of slavery; however, it was successful to a degree. Reconstruction, itself, was successful in fulfilling its goal to a degree because the Freedmen’s Bureau attemp ted to help former slaves with simple things such as housing, although it â€Å"lost its touch† due to deficiency of needed funds along with personnel, and trouble dealing with pressure that was advancing from the so-called white southerners. Upon origination, the Freedmen’s Bureau received its appearance as a good thing for former slaves, including those who were referred to as southern blacks. This organization had responsibilities in helping the blacks move from their state - slaves to something better- freedom. Quite remarkably,Show MoreRelatedReconstruction Of Reconstruction During The Civil War883 Words   |  4 Pages Describe and analyze Reconstruction. Did Reconstruction have any successes? The end of civil war in the United States of America brought about many problems, in particular for the South. Some of the problems were political, economic decay and social disorder. 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